onsdag 1 januari 2014
2013 - en kort summering
Jag ligger här i soffan och är trött efter gårdagens nyårsfest hos fredrik och gia. Tänker tillbaka på året som gått. Det som jag minns är att jag fick fast tjänst vilket känns som en trygghet. Sedan var semestern på Grekland minnesvärd men gav mig inte mersmak att resa mer på ett tag. Årliga golftävlingen på öland var också lyckad. Jag hade också en skön vecka ledigt den veckan jag fyllde år med två konserter och tatuering. Angående konserter så var metaltown bra och jag minns även helloween och gamma ray i Lisebergshallen. Ser fram emot 2014!
lördag 8 december 2012
Ett inlägg blir det iallafall under 2012...
Jaha så var snart 2012 slut. Fyllde 31 år igår, fick många grattishälsningar på fejan vilket var trevligt. Var på julfest på jobbet också där jag satt bredvid högsta chefen. Han var trevlig!
För att sammanfatta 2012 så kan man säga att det mest handlat om att komma igång med det nya jobbet. Trivs bra och lärt känna många trevliga kollegor. Hoppas att jag får fast anställning under nästa år vilket skulle innebära en stor trygghet.
Annars har 2012 innehållt flera konsertbesök, med bla Metaltown och Sabaton på scandinavium. Har sett andra spelningar med min vän Henrik, tacksam att jag har en vän som delar ens musiksmak.
Vidare tycker jag fortfarande att världen ter sig en aning mystisk och oförklarlig. Mindre händelser och samtal med människor som ibland gör mig förbryllad (lampor som slocknar när jag går förbi bla). Trots att jag varit "stabil" i snart 2 år tack vare medecin så kan jag inte helt släppa paranoida tankar på att det finns något mer bakom vardagens slöja.
Jag är fortsättningsvis väldigt tacksam över allt jag fått i mitt liv, jag känner mig väldigt lyckligt lottad.
/Max - som hoppas att världen inte går under 21 december...
För att sammanfatta 2012 så kan man säga att det mest handlat om att komma igång med det nya jobbet. Trivs bra och lärt känna många trevliga kollegor. Hoppas att jag får fast anställning under nästa år vilket skulle innebära en stor trygghet.
Annars har 2012 innehållt flera konsertbesök, med bla Metaltown och Sabaton på scandinavium. Har sett andra spelningar med min vän Henrik, tacksam att jag har en vän som delar ens musiksmak.
Vidare tycker jag fortfarande att världen ter sig en aning mystisk och oförklarlig. Mindre händelser och samtal med människor som ibland gör mig förbryllad (lampor som slocknar när jag går förbi bla). Trots att jag varit "stabil" i snart 2 år tack vare medecin så kan jag inte helt släppa paranoida tankar på att det finns något mer bakom vardagens slöja.
Jag är fortsättningsvis väldigt tacksam över allt jag fått i mitt liv, jag känner mig väldigt lyckligt lottad.
/Max - som hoppas att världen inte går under 21 december...
söndag 30 oktober 2011
Inlägget om livets uppkomst + lite annat
Kommer i denna tråd klistra in artiklar som alla rör livets uppkomst och tidiga former av evolution.
..............................................
"Scientists believe that prior to the advent of DNA as Earth's primary genetic material, early forms of life used RNA to encode genetic instructions. What sort of genetic molecules did life rely on before RNA?" Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121110093550.htm
...............................................
"In due course, the attackers and the host evolved a relationship of mutual dependence and benefit. In stages, the erstwhile invading organisms became first chronic parasites, then symbiotic partners, and finally an indispensable part of the host."
Source: http://nirmukta.com/2009/12/25/complexity-explained-12-the-likely-origins-of-life/
.............................................
"The single-celled ancestor of all multi-celled life on earth was the result of one bacterial cell swallowing another (the two lived happily together ever after). One small gulp for a bacterium; a giant gobble for the future of life on earth."
Source: borta
.............................................
"For the first time, scientists have synthesized RNA enzymes – ribonucleic acid enzymes also known as ribozymes - that can replicate themselves without the help of any proteins or other cellular components."
Source: http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/3325/life-evolution-a-test-tube?page=0%2C0#.To8JCUTf2qw.facebook
.............................................
"According to the scientists' model, which is experimentally testable, molecular structures involving transition metal elements (iron, copper, nickel, etc.) and ligands (small organic molecules) could have catalyzed the synthesis of basic biochemicals (monomers) that acted as building blocks for more complex molecules, leading ultimately to the origin of life."
"A transition metal atom can act as the core of a metal-ligand complex, in which it is bound to and surrounded by other ligands. Morowitz and his colleagues propose that simple transition metal-ligand complexes in hydrothermal ocean vents ca...talyzed reactions that gave rise to more complex molecules. These increasingly complex molecules then acted as ligands in increasingly efficient transition metal-ligand complex catalysts. Gradually, the basic molecular ingredients of metabolism accumulated and were able to self-organize into networks of chemical reactions that laid the foundation for life."
Source: http://www.medicaldaily.com/news/20100903/1715/transition-metal-catalysts-could-be-key-to-origin-of-life-scientists-report.htm
.............................................
"One of the many questions about this time is how our universe evolved from one consisting only of the two simplest elements, hydrogen and helium, into one that boasts the wonderful mix of elements that make up our familiar world, such as carbon, oxygen and iron."
"The epoch ended when dense areas of gas collapsed in on themselves to form the first stars – massive, intensely hot, cosmic ‘ovens’ of nuclear fusion. Astronomers believe that the ultraviolet light these primitive stars emitted caused the g...as in their surroundings to ionise, with the result that the universe became increasingly transparent to optical and infrared telescopes. This was the `epoch of reionisation’, which eventually put an end to the cosmic dark ages."
Source: borta
.............................................
"We've tried to bridge the gap between protein structure and evolution and believe we've uncovered evidence that proteins develop mild defects in organisms with smaller population sizes, over the great divide from bacteria to unicellular eukaryotes to invertebrates up to us vertebrates," said Professor Lynch"
"We've opened up the idea that the roots of complexity don't have to reside in purely adaptational arguments"
Source: borta
............................................
"During its life cycle, pumice is potentially exposed to - among other things - lightning associated with volcanic eruptions, oily hydrocarbons and metals produced by hydrothermal vents, and ultraviolet light from the Sun as it floats on water," explained co-author Professor Martin Brasier from the University of Oxford.
All these conditions have the potential to host, or even generate, the kind of chemical processes that we think created the first living cells."
Source: http://richarddawkins.net/articles/642938-volcanic-rock-rafts-could-have-been-cradles-of-life
..............................................
"How did the transition to DNA and proteins, and the development of the genetic code, occur? We may never know for sure but many promising avenues are being explored. Most biologists think there must have been something like a cell right from the start, to contain the replicator and keep its component parts together."
Source: borta
..............................................
"Suppose a monomer has a shape and charge distribution such that another monomer can fit snugly into some part of it. There are random collisions among the monomers in a fluid medium, and usually they do not stick together, and simply bounce off after a collision. But once in a while the collision may be such that the two monomers have just the right orientation for a lock-and-key fitting. Then the chances of the two sticking together and forming a stable dimer are much larger. Dimers can lead to trimers, and so on, resulting in a polymer. Naturally, this can be a rather unlikely and therefore very slow process, and only short polymers can possibly form spontaneously in reasonable time."
"The probability is next to nil that highly complex molecules like RNA, DNA and proteins got created spontaneously through purely random or chance processes. However, the nearly-impossible became possible, i.e. the unlikely set of events became likely, through the mechanism of autocatalysis. As John Avery has pointed out in his book Information Theory and Evolution (2003), ‘A notable feature of autocatalysis (apart from providing a credible mechanism for the origin of life) is that it has the seeds of natural selection at the molecular level: The precursor molecules and the energy-rich molecules are ‘food’. And the alternative autocatalytic systems compete for this supply of food. The efficient ones have a better chance of dominating and winning (through faster reproduction). Supply of free energy, of course, was/is the prerequisite for all this to become possible.’"
Source: http://nirmukta.com/2009/11/13/complexity-explained-9-how-did-complex-molecules-like-proteins-and-dna-emerge-spontaneously/
.................................................
"According to Dyson, it is more likely that life originated twice, with two separate kinds of organisms, one capable of metabolism without exact replication, and the other capable of replication without metabolism. At some stage the two features came together. When replication and metabolism occurred in the same creature, natural selection as an agent for novelty became more vigorous."
"Margulis has been hammering home the point that the main components of eukaryotic cells have descended from independent living creatures which ‘attacked’ the cells from outside. In due course, the attackers and the host evolved a relationship of mutual dependence and benefit. In stages, the erstwhile invading organisms became first chronic parasites, then symbiotic partners, and finally an indispensable part of the host. The evidence for this is that the molecular structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts are indeed very close to certain bacteria."
"Thus, RNA first appeared as a parasitic disease in the cell. Although most such cells died of disease, some evolved to survive the infection, à la Lynn Margulis. In such cells, the parasite gradually became a symbiont. Further evolution resulted in a situation in which the protein-based life learnt to make use of the ability for exact replication provided by the chemical structure of RNA. This is how the modern genetic mechanism came into being. Hardware came before software, and that makes sense."
"When a cell became so big that it got cut in half, or shaken in half, by some rainstorm or environmental disturbance, it would then produce two cells which would be its daughters, which would inherit, more or less, but only statistically, the chemical machinery inside. Evolution could work under those conditions. In Stage 1, evolution was happening, but only on a statistical basis. This was pre-Darwinian evolution."
Source: http://nirmukta.com/2009/12/25/complexity-explained-12-the-likely-origins-of-life/
............................................
"The most compelling evidence of all, Dawkins explained, comes from molecular biology – the fact that DNA code is universal among all living things, with all creatures sharing identical segments of code."
Source: http://www.virginia.edu/uvatoday/newsRelease.php?id=10049
............................................
"Our research confirms for the first time that a rise in atmospheric oxygen was the driving force for oxygenation of the oceans 580 million years ago, and that this was the catalyst for the evolution of large complex animals."
Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090909133020.htm
............................................
"The amino acid glycine, a fundamental building block of proteins, has been found in a comet for the first time, bolstering the theory that raw ingredients of life arrived on Earth from outer space, scientists said on Monday."
"The latest findings add credence to the notion that extraterrestrial objects such as meteorites and comets may have seeded ancient Earth, and other planets, with the raw materials of life that formed elsewhere in the cosmos."
Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/08/18/us-space-comet-life-idUSTRE57H02I20090818?feedType=RSS&feedName=scienceNews
............................................
"The origins of life on Earth bristle with puzzle and paradox. Which came first, the proteins of living cells or the genetic information that makes them? How could the metabolism of living things get started without an enclosing membrane to keep all the necessary chemicals together? But if life started inside a cell membrane, how did the necessary nutrients get in?"
"Simple fatty acids, of the sort likely to have been around on the primitive Earth, will spontaneously form double-layered spheres, much like the double-layered membrane of today’s living cells. These protocells will incorporate new fatty acids fed into the water, and eventually divide."
"No one knows for sure when life began. The oldest generally accepted evidence for living cells are fossil bacteria 1.9 billion years old from the Gunflint Formation of Ontario. But rocks from two sites in Greenland, containing an unusual mix of carbon isotopes that could be evidence of biological processes, are 3.830 billion years old."
Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/16/science/16orig.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1
..................................................
"They mixed the molecules in water, heated the solution, then allowed it to evaporate, leaving behind a residue of hybrid, half-sugar, half-nucleobase molecules. To this residue they again added water, heated it, allowed it evaporate, and then irradiated it.
At each stage of the cycle, the resulting molecules were more complex. At the final stage, Sutherland’s team added phosphate. “Remarkably, it transformed into the ribonucleotide!” said Sutherland."
Source: http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/05/ribonucleotides/
.................................................
"Second — and most often — we evoke the huge stretches of time over which selection has had to work: millions and billions of years. Indeed, such spans of time are not easily grasped by even the minds of evolutionary biologists. We are accustomed (and perhaps evolved) to thinking of times on the order of decades or centuries. So, we say, given the long eons since life began evolving, there has been plenty of time for selection to do its job."
"Nilsson and Pelger showed that, under conservative assumptions, the eyespot would become a complex camera eye in a little less than 400,000 years. Since the earliest animals with eyes go back to about 550 million years ago, this span is enough for eyes to have evolved more than 1500 times in succession!"
Source: http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2009/04/26/the-biggest-problem-in-selling-evolution-how-fast-can-selection-create-complexity/
....................................................
"And in fact the opposite of what Todd is saying is true. It takes no imagination at all to insert a supernatural explanation in some spot where you don’t understand the process. It’s all too easy to say "the bacterium flagellum could not have evolved," or "The Big Bang theory doesn’t explain why the Universe is homogeneous everywhere," and therefore "God did it." But it takes imagination, soaring, incredible, wonderful imagination, to look beyond the limitations of what’s currently known, and see what could possibly be… and even more imagination to make sure this venturing beyond current understanding still stays within the bound of reason and known rules of science.
You can always insert magic or belief or some supernatural power, but in the end that is a trap. Because someone else who is more imaginative than you will see the actual steps, the process reality made, and then you are left with an ever-narrowing amount of supernatural room in which to wiggle. And once that gap starts to narrow, the squeeze is inevitable. Your explanation will be forced to fill zero volume, and you’re done. Your explanation will be shown to be wrong for everyone to see, and your only recourse will be to abandon it, far too late to save your credibility."
Source: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/04/06/science-is-imagination/
...................................................
"Scientists say they have discovered the oldest rocks on Earth in Canada, giving them a glimpse at the origins of the planet.
The rocks, found in a belt of ancient bedrock in Quebec, are estimated to be 4.28 billion years old.
The find pushes back the age of the most ancient discovered remnants of the Earth's crust by 300 million years."
Source: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-09-26/worlds-oldest-rocks-discovered-in-canada/522624
.....................................................
"Trichoplax is from an ancient lineage and brings significant insights to understanding how animal life evolved from the common ancestor 600 million years ago. The consortium believes that the Trichoplax genome establishes a new standard basal group for the comparative analysis of animal genomes, genes, and biological processes."
Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080903172419.htm
.....................................................
"Bacterial use of RNA to trigger major changes without the involvement of proteins resolves one of the questions about the origin of life: If proteins are needed to carry out life's functions and DNA is needed to make proteins, how did DNA arise?
The answer is what Breaker and other researchers call the RNA World. They believe that billions of years ago, single strands of nucleotides that comprise RNA were the first forms of life and carried out some of the complicated cellular functions now done by proteins. The riboswitches are highly conserved in bacteria, illustrating their importance and ancient ancestry, Breaker said."
Source: http://www.physorg.com/news135522723.html
....................................................
"Researchers have found unusually light isotopes of carbon, a common indicator of life, in the Earth's oldest mineral deposit, found in the Jack Hills in Western Australia. The carbon dates to more than 4.25 billion years ago, a time known as the Hadean period.
Life is largely considered to have emerged around 3.5 billion years ago, after a violent period known as the Late Heavy Bombardment, in which a large amount of space debris walloped and may have sterilised the Earth.
But the Jack Hills find suggests life might have existed well before that time, although researchers caution it is too early to draw a definite conclusion."
Source: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14245?DCMP=ILC-hmts&nsref=news3_head_dn14245
..................................................
"Scientists have confirmed for the first time that an important component of early genetic material which has been found in meteorite fragments is extraterrestrial in origin, in a paper published on June 15, 2008
The finding suggests that parts of the raw materials to make the first molecules of DNA and RNA may have come from the stars.
The scientists, from Europe and the USA, say that their research, published in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters, provides evidence that life's raw materials came from sources beyond the Earth.
The materials they have found include the molecules uracil and xanthine, which are precursors to the molecules that make up DNA and RNA, and are known as nucleobases."
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-06/icl-sct061308.php
..........................................................
..............................................
"Scientists believe that prior to the advent of DNA as Earth's primary genetic material, early forms of life used RNA to encode genetic instructions. What sort of genetic molecules did life rely on before RNA?" Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121110093550.htm
...............................................
"In due course, the attackers and the host evolved a relationship of mutual dependence and benefit. In stages, the erstwhile invading organisms became first chronic parasites, then symbiotic partners, and finally an indispensable part of the host."
Source: http://nirmukta.com/2009/12/25/complexity-explained-12-the-likely-origins-of-life/
.............................................
"The single-celled ancestor of all multi-celled life on earth was the result of one bacterial cell swallowing another (the two lived happily together ever after). One small gulp for a bacterium; a giant gobble for the future of life on earth."
Source: borta
.............................................
"For the first time, scientists have synthesized RNA enzymes – ribonucleic acid enzymes also known as ribozymes - that can replicate themselves without the help of any proteins or other cellular components."
Source: http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/3325/life-evolution-a-test-tube?page=0%2C0#.To8JCUTf2qw.facebook
.............................................
"According to the scientists' model, which is experimentally testable, molecular structures involving transition metal elements (iron, copper, nickel, etc.) and ligands (small organic molecules) could have catalyzed the synthesis of basic biochemicals (monomers) that acted as building blocks for more complex molecules, leading ultimately to the origin of life."
"A transition metal atom can act as the core of a metal-ligand complex, in which it is bound to and surrounded by other ligands. Morowitz and his colleagues propose that simple transition metal-ligand complexes in hydrothermal ocean vents ca...talyzed reactions that gave rise to more complex molecules. These increasingly complex molecules then acted as ligands in increasingly efficient transition metal-ligand complex catalysts. Gradually, the basic molecular ingredients of metabolism accumulated and were able to self-organize into networks of chemical reactions that laid the foundation for life."
Source: http://www.medicaldaily.com/news/20100903/1715/transition-metal-catalysts-could-be-key-to-origin-of-life-scientists-report.htm
.............................................
"One of the many questions about this time is how our universe evolved from one consisting only of the two simplest elements, hydrogen and helium, into one that boasts the wonderful mix of elements that make up our familiar world, such as carbon, oxygen and iron."
"The epoch ended when dense areas of gas collapsed in on themselves to form the first stars – massive, intensely hot, cosmic ‘ovens’ of nuclear fusion. Astronomers believe that the ultraviolet light these primitive stars emitted caused the g...as in their surroundings to ionise, with the result that the universe became increasingly transparent to optical and infrared telescopes. This was the `epoch of reionisation’, which eventually put an end to the cosmic dark ages."
Source: borta
.............................................
"We've tried to bridge the gap between protein structure and evolution and believe we've uncovered evidence that proteins develop mild defects in organisms with smaller population sizes, over the great divide from bacteria to unicellular eukaryotes to invertebrates up to us vertebrates," said Professor Lynch"
"We've opened up the idea that the roots of complexity don't have to reside in purely adaptational arguments"
Source: borta
............................................
"During its life cycle, pumice is potentially exposed to - among other things - lightning associated with volcanic eruptions, oily hydrocarbons and metals produced by hydrothermal vents, and ultraviolet light from the Sun as it floats on water," explained co-author Professor Martin Brasier from the University of Oxford.
All these conditions have the potential to host, or even generate, the kind of chemical processes that we think created the first living cells."
Source: http://richarddawkins.net/articles/642938-volcanic-rock-rafts-could-have-been-cradles-of-life
..............................................
"How did the transition to DNA and proteins, and the development of the genetic code, occur? We may never know for sure but many promising avenues are being explored. Most biologists think there must have been something like a cell right from the start, to contain the replicator and keep its component parts together."
Source: borta
..............................................
"Suppose a monomer has a shape and charge distribution such that another monomer can fit snugly into some part of it. There are random collisions among the monomers in a fluid medium, and usually they do not stick together, and simply bounce off after a collision. But once in a while the collision may be such that the two monomers have just the right orientation for a lock-and-key fitting. Then the chances of the two sticking together and forming a stable dimer are much larger. Dimers can lead to trimers, and so on, resulting in a polymer. Naturally, this can be a rather unlikely and therefore very slow process, and only short polymers can possibly form spontaneously in reasonable time."
"The probability is next to nil that highly complex molecules like RNA, DNA and proteins got created spontaneously through purely random or chance processes. However, the nearly-impossible became possible, i.e. the unlikely set of events became likely, through the mechanism of autocatalysis. As John Avery has pointed out in his book Information Theory and Evolution (2003), ‘A notable feature of autocatalysis (apart from providing a credible mechanism for the origin of life) is that it has the seeds of natural selection at the molecular level: The precursor molecules and the energy-rich molecules are ‘food’. And the alternative autocatalytic systems compete for this supply of food. The efficient ones have a better chance of dominating and winning (through faster reproduction). Supply of free energy, of course, was/is the prerequisite for all this to become possible.’"
Source: http://nirmukta.com/2009/11/13/complexity-explained-9-how-did-complex-molecules-like-proteins-and-dna-emerge-spontaneously/
.................................................
"According to Dyson, it is more likely that life originated twice, with two separate kinds of organisms, one capable of metabolism without exact replication, and the other capable of replication without metabolism. At some stage the two features came together. When replication and metabolism occurred in the same creature, natural selection as an agent for novelty became more vigorous."
"Margulis has been hammering home the point that the main components of eukaryotic cells have descended from independent living creatures which ‘attacked’ the cells from outside. In due course, the attackers and the host evolved a relationship of mutual dependence and benefit. In stages, the erstwhile invading organisms became first chronic parasites, then symbiotic partners, and finally an indispensable part of the host. The evidence for this is that the molecular structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts are indeed very close to certain bacteria."
"Thus, RNA first appeared as a parasitic disease in the cell. Although most such cells died of disease, some evolved to survive the infection, à la Lynn Margulis. In such cells, the parasite gradually became a symbiont. Further evolution resulted in a situation in which the protein-based life learnt to make use of the ability for exact replication provided by the chemical structure of RNA. This is how the modern genetic mechanism came into being. Hardware came before software, and that makes sense."
"When a cell became so big that it got cut in half, or shaken in half, by some rainstorm or environmental disturbance, it would then produce two cells which would be its daughters, which would inherit, more or less, but only statistically, the chemical machinery inside. Evolution could work under those conditions. In Stage 1, evolution was happening, but only on a statistical basis. This was pre-Darwinian evolution."
Source: http://nirmukta.com/2009/12/25/complexity-explained-12-the-likely-origins-of-life/
............................................
"The most compelling evidence of all, Dawkins explained, comes from molecular biology – the fact that DNA code is universal among all living things, with all creatures sharing identical segments of code."
Source: http://www.virginia.edu/uvatoday/newsRelease.php?id=10049
............................................
"Our research confirms for the first time that a rise in atmospheric oxygen was the driving force for oxygenation of the oceans 580 million years ago, and that this was the catalyst for the evolution of large complex animals."
Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090909133020.htm
............................................
"The amino acid glycine, a fundamental building block of proteins, has been found in a comet for the first time, bolstering the theory that raw ingredients of life arrived on Earth from outer space, scientists said on Monday."
"The latest findings add credence to the notion that extraterrestrial objects such as meteorites and comets may have seeded ancient Earth, and other planets, with the raw materials of life that formed elsewhere in the cosmos."
Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/08/18/us-space-comet-life-idUSTRE57H02I20090818?feedType=RSS&feedName=scienceNews
............................................
"The origins of life on Earth bristle with puzzle and paradox. Which came first, the proteins of living cells or the genetic information that makes them? How could the metabolism of living things get started without an enclosing membrane to keep all the necessary chemicals together? But if life started inside a cell membrane, how did the necessary nutrients get in?"
"Simple fatty acids, of the sort likely to have been around on the primitive Earth, will spontaneously form double-layered spheres, much like the double-layered membrane of today’s living cells. These protocells will incorporate new fatty acids fed into the water, and eventually divide."
"No one knows for sure when life began. The oldest generally accepted evidence for living cells are fossil bacteria 1.9 billion years old from the Gunflint Formation of Ontario. But rocks from two sites in Greenland, containing an unusual mix of carbon isotopes that could be evidence of biological processes, are 3.830 billion years old."
Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/16/science/16orig.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1
..................................................
"They mixed the molecules in water, heated the solution, then allowed it to evaporate, leaving behind a residue of hybrid, half-sugar, half-nucleobase molecules. To this residue they again added water, heated it, allowed it evaporate, and then irradiated it.
At each stage of the cycle, the resulting molecules were more complex. At the final stage, Sutherland’s team added phosphate. “Remarkably, it transformed into the ribonucleotide!” said Sutherland."
Source: http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/05/ribonucleotides/
.................................................
"Second — and most often — we evoke the huge stretches of time over which selection has had to work: millions and billions of years. Indeed, such spans of time are not easily grasped by even the minds of evolutionary biologists. We are accustomed (and perhaps evolved) to thinking of times on the order of decades or centuries. So, we say, given the long eons since life began evolving, there has been plenty of time for selection to do its job."
"Nilsson and Pelger showed that, under conservative assumptions, the eyespot would become a complex camera eye in a little less than 400,000 years. Since the earliest animals with eyes go back to about 550 million years ago, this span is enough for eyes to have evolved more than 1500 times in succession!"
Source: http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2009/04/26/the-biggest-problem-in-selling-evolution-how-fast-can-selection-create-complexity/
....................................................
"And in fact the opposite of what Todd is saying is true. It takes no imagination at all to insert a supernatural explanation in some spot where you don’t understand the process. It’s all too easy to say "the bacterium flagellum could not have evolved," or "The Big Bang theory doesn’t explain why the Universe is homogeneous everywhere," and therefore "God did it." But it takes imagination, soaring, incredible, wonderful imagination, to look beyond the limitations of what’s currently known, and see what could possibly be… and even more imagination to make sure this venturing beyond current understanding still stays within the bound of reason and known rules of science.
You can always insert magic or belief or some supernatural power, but in the end that is a trap. Because someone else who is more imaginative than you will see the actual steps, the process reality made, and then you are left with an ever-narrowing amount of supernatural room in which to wiggle. And once that gap starts to narrow, the squeeze is inevitable. Your explanation will be forced to fill zero volume, and you’re done. Your explanation will be shown to be wrong for everyone to see, and your only recourse will be to abandon it, far too late to save your credibility."
Source: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/04/06/science-is-imagination/
...................................................
"Scientists say they have discovered the oldest rocks on Earth in Canada, giving them a glimpse at the origins of the planet.
The rocks, found in a belt of ancient bedrock in Quebec, are estimated to be 4.28 billion years old.
The find pushes back the age of the most ancient discovered remnants of the Earth's crust by 300 million years."
Source: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-09-26/worlds-oldest-rocks-discovered-in-canada/522624
.....................................................
"Trichoplax is from an ancient lineage and brings significant insights to understanding how animal life evolved from the common ancestor 600 million years ago. The consortium believes that the Trichoplax genome establishes a new standard basal group for the comparative analysis of animal genomes, genes, and biological processes."
Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080903172419.htm
.....................................................
"Bacterial use of RNA to trigger major changes without the involvement of proteins resolves one of the questions about the origin of life: If proteins are needed to carry out life's functions and DNA is needed to make proteins, how did DNA arise?
The answer is what Breaker and other researchers call the RNA World. They believe that billions of years ago, single strands of nucleotides that comprise RNA were the first forms of life and carried out some of the complicated cellular functions now done by proteins. The riboswitches are highly conserved in bacteria, illustrating their importance and ancient ancestry, Breaker said."
Source: http://www.physorg.com/news135522723.html
....................................................
"Researchers have found unusually light isotopes of carbon, a common indicator of life, in the Earth's oldest mineral deposit, found in the Jack Hills in Western Australia. The carbon dates to more than 4.25 billion years ago, a time known as the Hadean period.
Life is largely considered to have emerged around 3.5 billion years ago, after a violent period known as the Late Heavy Bombardment, in which a large amount of space debris walloped and may have sterilised the Earth.
But the Jack Hills find suggests life might have existed well before that time, although researchers caution it is too early to draw a definite conclusion."
Source: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14245?DCMP=ILC-hmts&nsref=news3_head_dn14245
..................................................
"Scientists have confirmed for the first time that an important component of early genetic material which has been found in meteorite fragments is extraterrestrial in origin, in a paper published on June 15, 2008
The finding suggests that parts of the raw materials to make the first molecules of DNA and RNA may have come from the stars.
The scientists, from Europe and the USA, say that their research, published in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters, provides evidence that life's raw materials came from sources beyond the Earth.
The materials they have found include the molecules uracil and xanthine, which are precursors to the molecules that make up DNA and RNA, and are known as nucleobases."
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-06/icl-sct061308.php
..........................................................
måndag 29 augusti 2011
Ett moraliskt dilemma
Läser just nu Richard Dawkins bok "Illusionen av Gud" och där förekommer en hel del intressanta resonemang. Detta som exempel:
"Fem patienter på ett sjukhus är döende, var och en på grund av att något organ har upphört att fungera. Alla skulle kunna räddas om en donator ställde dessa sina egna organ till förfogande, men ingen står till buds.
Kirurgen upptäcker då att en frisk man sitter i väntrummet och att alla hans fem organ är i gott skick och lämpliga att transplantera.
Skall den friske mannen offras för att rädda de andra fem patienterna?"
Väldigt absurd händelse. Tänk dig att åka in till akuten för att du trampat på en spik, och lämnar akuten i en kista med alla dina organ uttagna. Snacka om osis :)
"Fem patienter på ett sjukhus är döende, var och en på grund av att något organ har upphört att fungera. Alla skulle kunna räddas om en donator ställde dessa sina egna organ till förfogande, men ingen står till buds.
Kirurgen upptäcker då att en frisk man sitter i väntrummet och att alla hans fem organ är i gott skick och lämpliga att transplantera.
Skall den friske mannen offras för att rädda de andra fem patienterna?"
Väldigt absurd händelse. Tänk dig att åka in till akuten för att du trampat på en spik, och lämnar akuten i en kista med alla dina organ uttagna. Snacka om osis :)
fredag 19 augusti 2011
Vad jag tror
Såg ett program på svt2 om Darwin och dennes välkända teori. Verkligen fantastiskt när man tänker på hur otroligt, ofantligt, fantastiskt varierande naturen är med dessa olika arter av djur och växter. Men samtidigt känns det svårt att tänka sig att alla dagens arter av växter och djur härstämmar från en ursprungscell som på något sätt delat sig och gett upphov till dagens rikedom.
I en science-fiction bok jag har läst två gånger finns det en ras av överintelligenta utomjordingar som färdas runt i universum och sprider diverse virusliknande organismer på olika planeter. Dessa organismer "evolutionerar" sig väldigt fort och anpassar sig till planeterna och skapar superanpassade näringskedjor mellan hela planetens alla växter och djur.
Jag tror människan är hitsänd till jorden, utspridd över jorden, för att vi ska skåda den fantastiska värld av djur och växter som Skaparna byggde genom att sätta ut ett antal super-organismer för miljontals år sedan som sedan via evolution skapat den jorden vi lever på idag.
Schwammel schwammel!
//Gubben hade ingen information till mig tyvärr :(
I en science-fiction bok jag har läst två gånger finns det en ras av överintelligenta utomjordingar som färdas runt i universum och sprider diverse virusliknande organismer på olika planeter. Dessa organismer "evolutionerar" sig väldigt fort och anpassar sig till planeterna och skapar superanpassade näringskedjor mellan hela planetens alla växter och djur.
Jag tror människan är hitsänd till jorden, utspridd över jorden, för att vi ska skåda den fantastiska värld av djur och växter som Skaparna byggde genom att sätta ut ett antal super-organismer för miljontals år sedan som sedan via evolution skapat den jorden vi lever på idag.
Schwammel schwammel!
//Gubben hade ingen information till mig tyvärr :(
tisdag 16 augusti 2011
Allmängiltig legoknekt
Så, jag tror bestämt att min medicin gör mig allmängiltig, mår varken bra eller dåligt.
Lite allmänt annars:
- Volvo B aktie ligger på 83,20 enligt avanza, har gått ner senaste året till skillnad från vad Ingmar sa.
- 1½ månad kvar på jobbet, vad väntar härefter? Kanske testa på att bli busschaufför?
- Sixten vart är du? Jag är redo.
- Dödskjutningar i Norge, bland det värsta man varit med om? Vad skall bräcka det?
- Ett liv till salu Legoknekt
//Sömnlös efter Matrix 2
Lite allmänt annars:
- Volvo B aktie ligger på 83,20 enligt avanza, har gått ner senaste året till skillnad från vad Ingmar sa.
- 1½ månad kvar på jobbet, vad väntar härefter? Kanske testa på att bli busschaufför?
- Sixten vart är du? Jag är redo.
- Dödskjutningar i Norge, bland det värsta man varit med om? Vad skall bräcka det?
- Ett liv till salu Legoknekt
//Sömnlös efter Matrix 2
fredag 27 maj 2011
Lite svammel från senaste halvåret
Skriver av mig av diverse blandade tankar och citat som jag stött på under senaste halvåret. Den funktionen kan faktist bloggen få ha ibland...
* Vi är här på jorden för att förmera varandra, inte för att förminska.
* Man fattar långsammare sin lycka än sin olycka.
* Kan det vara så att det bara finns ett visst antal historier och karaktärer i universum och vi spelar upp dessa under våra liv? You can't live if you haven't died.
* Vill du bli lycklig för en dag, gå och fiska. Vill du bli lycklig hela livet, ge bort allt som du inte behöver.
* Att vidga sin medvetenhet och leva sina dagar i uppmärksam närvaro är centralt i tacksamhet.
* Humlans vingar borde vara 3 ggr så stora, men den flyger ändå.
På gång:
- utbildning på jobb
- semester 1 vecka
- CL final på kville biljard
- förklaring till skapelsen finns inte trots ambitiös författare :)
- tabletter suddar inte helt ut space'ade tankar, tack för det!
/HALLELULJA
* Vi är här på jorden för att förmera varandra, inte för att förminska.
* Man fattar långsammare sin lycka än sin olycka.
* Kan det vara så att det bara finns ett visst antal historier och karaktärer i universum och vi spelar upp dessa under våra liv? You can't live if you haven't died.
* Vill du bli lycklig för en dag, gå och fiska. Vill du bli lycklig hela livet, ge bort allt som du inte behöver.
* Att vidga sin medvetenhet och leva sina dagar i uppmärksam närvaro är centralt i tacksamhet.
* Humlans vingar borde vara 3 ggr så stora, men den flyger ändå.
På gång:
- utbildning på jobb
- semester 1 vecka
- CL final på kville biljard
- förklaring till skapelsen finns inte trots ambitiös författare :)
- tabletter suddar inte helt ut space'ade tankar, tack för det!
/HALLELULJA
Prenumerera på:
Inlägg (Atom)
